A State And Federal Program - 902 Words

Introduction and Program Definition This is a state and federal program whose objective is to better the health of women, children, youth, and entire families and communities, while paying emphases on health inequities and the systems and policies that contribute to family health (Handler, 2015). This program focuses on issues which affect women of child bearing age, children, adolescents, as well children with special health care needs (Handler, 2015). Maternal and Child programs work to address health promotion issues across the lifespan of individuals and families. It is noted that if emphasis on proper health care is placed on preconception, pregnancy and early childhood, the nation is along a path for lifelong wellness. These include preventive health care and prenatal health practices to help mothers find appreciate care during pregnancy. This care can include health practices before, during and after pregnancy, improvement in diet, cessation from alcohol, tobacco and illegal substances. This program also i mproves and provides health awareness of specific child development milestones and behaviors, as well as economic self- sufficiency programs among women (Fraser. 2012). Good structuring of public maternal and child programs can preserve, protect and promote children’s health and well-being and build a foundation for lifelong health and learning. How Addressed By ACA The Affordable Care Act is very much in support of the public maternal and children programShow MoreRelatedMedicaid Is A Federal And State Program1497 Words   |  6 PagesMedicaid is a federal and state program that helps with medical costs for some people who have a low income and limited resources. Medicaid is the largest source of funding for medical and health related issues in the United States. It provides medical care for nearly 60 million Americans (Medicaid History). Even though the program is joint between federal and state, the state decides how someone could be eligible for Medicaid. Medicaid came to be in 1965 when the Social Security Amendments wasRead MoreA Brief Note On Federal And State Programs1529 Words   |  7 Pagesvariability within these programs that might limit access, eligibility or benefits to those who need it. Connecticut has legislation underway that sets up a program that is completely employee funded, which puts an increased financial burden on the employee rather than splitting the contributions with their employers, despite the cost saving benefits employers may receive (Report of the Family Medical Leave Insurance Task Force, 2014). The challenges and barriers to federal/state programs are evident, oneRead MoreFederal And State Programs And Other Incentives1416 Words   |  6 PagesFederal State programs and other incentives that attract IFDI The desire to attract foreign direct investment causes countries to engage in competition with each other. Many regions, counties, and states have enacted policies to incentives and established agencies to promote investment so as to encourage FDI. The incentives are of financial and fiscal nature. Fiscal incentives are designed in such a way that they reduce the tax burden of companies and includes tax concessions that are usually inRead MoreDental Public Health Programs At The United States1353 Words   |  6 PagesDental public health programs in the United States operate on federal, state, or local levels. The roles and responsibilities of these programs are directly related to the level of which the program operates. 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The idea is incredible, the states and the federal government shareRead MoreEssay about The Evolution of Federalism981 Words   |  4 PagesArticles of Confederation bound the states together in two main aspects; foreign and military affairs. The Articles of Confederation worked well while all the states had a common cause. However, as soon as the war ended and interests began to change, it became obvious that the Articles were not eno ugh. This brings on the creation of Federalism (Reinventing American Federalism).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May of 1787, in the city of Philadelphia, delegates from all thirteen states met in order to â€Å"create a more perfectRead MoreMedicaid Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesinsurance program, that furnishes health care coverage to more than 74.7 million eligible adults and children in the country (Medicaid Enrollees, 2017), with over $553.4 billion reported total health care spending for the fiscal year of 2016 (Medicaid Spending, 2016). As the number of eligible Medicaid enrollees grows, the amount of health care spending is presumed to accelerate. The 2016-2025 National Health Expenditure Projections showed a 5.6% per year increase in the United States’ nationalRead MoreThe National Government Of A Country Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesacquired with the proper intentions. The United States of America historically exemplified what it meant to be a successful business, ultimately making proper business decisions to support economic and international stab ility. Maintaining the various structures of a powerful country, such as the United States, requires a surplus of funds that at times, are unavailable to the government. Throughout the history of the U.S, whether to fund wars, public programs or to stabilize the economy, the Nation hasRead MoreU.s. Federal Aid Programs788 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent years, the federal aid system has tripled in numbers in over 25 years. Some federal aid programs can range from a giant billion to a more obscure prams such as $15 million. In the beginning, federal aid programs would require other states to match the federal funds on a dollar for dollar basis. There was initial struggle when the federal aid system began to expand many believe that it would be difficult to opt out of new federal aid programs. Thus, it left residents with requirementRead MoreCooperative Federalism Rests On Several Standard Operating Procures1259 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral standard operating procures Shared Costs Cities and states can receive federal money for airport construction, sewage treatment plants, youth programs, and many other programs, but only if they pay part of the bill Federal Guidelines Most federal grants to states and cities come with strings attached. Congress spends billions of dollars to support state highway construction Shared Administration State and local officials implement federal policies, but they have administrative powers of their

Analysis Of Fight Club And The Girl With The Dragon

How David Fincher uses colour in the film Fight Club and how this is used to influence the viewer. Colour in film is very important, it can change the mood of the film, influence viewers emotions as they watch, can be used as symbolism and can even teach the viewer in a very short time to expect something to happen when a certain colour is shown. The Director of Fight club and other films such as Se7en and the Girl with the Dragon tattoo, David Fincher is very well known for working closely with the cinematographer and his post production team to tightly control the colour in his films and being quite innovative in his techniques to achieve better quality of colour and control over his films. David Fincher, the director of Fight Club is well known for the certain look of his films as he has developed his own signature style, sometimes called reality enhanced as his style is natural lighting but in a new almost HD way. He uses techniques such as LED lighting, the films are dark and dank but colourful at the same time. As a usual template it seems he de-saturates the picture then depending on the mood of the scene he warms up or cools off the image often times he uses blue in the shadows to add depth and to retain the crisp blackness and teal to the highlights this shows a strong understanding of how colours work together. In Fight Club, David Fincher uses his usual hues of blacks, greys and browns but also adds in yellows, blues and greens. Yellow is usually a happyShow MoreRelatedThe Style Of David Fincher s Se7en1386 Words   |  6 Pagesto why Se7en was selected as the preferred choice is the cast assembled by the director, Morgan Freeman (noted for his memorable role in Shawshank Redemption), Brad Pitt (lead actor in some of the most iconic films of this generation like Troy, Fight Club and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button) and Kevin Spacey (Oscar winner for his performances in American Beauty and The Usual Suspects). Furthermore, another reason as to why I selected Se7en was the genre appeal it catered to. Suspense and dramaRead MoreRealism and Romanticism within The Red Badge of Courage1595 Words   |  6 Pageswritten by Stephan Crane in 1895 gives a detailed, yet, fictional account of Henry Fleming, a farm boy who joins the Union Army in the American Civil War. Before Henry is battle-test ed, he ponders his courage and questions whether he will be able to fight the urge to flee from battle. Henry does indeed end up deserting his comrades however he ultimately overcomes his guilt and becomes one of the best fighters in his regiment. In order to depict a realistic and relatable war scene, Crane includes Henry’sRead More The Globalization of Anime Essay3133 Words   |  13 Pagesidentity under Western â€Å"covers.† When anime was just created, characters were a simple designed with more men than women. The clothes were in traditional Japanese style. Additionally, it was all in black and white. Some of the original series such as Dragon Ball, a martial arts genre anime, are clear cut examples of original Japanese style with Goku, the main protagonist, who dominated the story line. Women part were nothing important, but rather be a housewife with pretty faces and cook meals. WhenRead MoreSadie Hawkins Day and Valentine Grams18321 Words   |  74 PagesBy Felicia Jin ABC^2, Make-A-Wish and Chinese clubs sold Valentine grams and treats Feb. 9-13, bringing the â€Å"sweets to sweeties† and funding for good causes. The gifts were purchased during the week and distributed to classes today. ABC^2 (Academically Better Children’s Club) held a bake sale for the first time in the Main Hall and will be donating their proceeds to the St. Jude’s Hospital. â€Å"It’s hard to say how much money we’re trying to raise because it’s our first time, but we’re hoping for aRead MoreThe Production of a Manga Culture in France: a Sociological Analysis of a Successful Intercultural Reception4707 Words   |  19 PagesTHE PRODUCTION OF A â€Å"MANGA CULTURE† IN FRANCE: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF A SUCCESSFUL INTERCULTRAL RECEPTION Olivier VANHEE Communication à   la Confà ©rence Internationale Asia Culture Forum 2006 Mobile and Pop Culture in Asia Gwangju, Corà ©e, octobre 2006 Introduction Manga and anime are now part of the cultural habits of different generations of French readers, and they are a major cultural space where images and meanings about Japan and Asia circulate. From the end of the 1970’s, interculturalRead MoreCountry Notebook Essay12249 Words   |  49 PagesI. Cultural Analysis I. Introduction This research paper will be an in-depth analysis of South Korea and understanding effect on market. The paper will cover descriptions of the country and the financial conditions which are relevant for conducting this research. Concluding the paper we will have a recommendation as to whether or not it will be advisable for a Medical Products, Inc. to engage in South Korean Market. Medical Products, Inc. (MPI) is a U.S. firm founded in 1998 by a smallRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagesgive a damn what people think and I ve never felt comfortable with authority. I like guys who run the red light, if you know what I mean. But now†¦ I didn t say what I wanted. I said what I thought people expected of me. It was wack. I drove the club s Audi and stood there nodding like back in school, or like I should have stood nodding back in school. I didn t give my team mates any crap. I was boring. Zlatan wasn t Zlatan, and that hadn t happen since back in school when I saw chicks inRead MoreProgram Proposal for a Music Festival4200 Words   |  17 PagesBenjamin Umstead and Jason Brackett C.P. Music Festival Program Proposal Table of Contents Justification Goals and Objectives Resource Needs Schedule Risk Management Analysis Critical Evaluation Appendix A (Registration Form) Appendix B (Liability Waiver) Appendix C (Rules and Regulations) Appendix D (Music Festival Survey) Sources Justification for Program Proposal We are proposing a four-day, three night music festival sponsored by Pepsi and Under Armour in College Park,Read MoreAre Video Games Educational6233 Words   |  25 Pagescompletion of quests. Role-play games such as â€Å"Tomb Raider† and â€Å"Half Life† require reading dialogue and directions, inventory and maps. There may be elements of fighting, but in many instances the player must decide whether fighting, or avoiding the fight, is the best choice. Online versions of role-playing games include the extremely popular â€Å"World of Warcraft,† and long running â€Å"EverQuest† series. This genre is suitable for teens. * Strategy games feature an array of activities, from buildingRead MoreSwot Analysis25582 Words   |  103 PagesQUESTIONS 1 | Describe the marketing strategy planning objectives applied by Sunbeam. Using the Ansoff matrix, identify which marketing strategy opportunities the company is pursuing? Are these appropriate strategy opportunites? 2 | Develop a SWOT analysis comparing Sunbeam with its main competitors. Can you identify further changes in the marketing environment that may encourage the company to change its marketing strategies? Justify your suggestions. 3 | Describe the target markets identified by

File Management free essay sample

In this paper, we will discuss how to specify a file protection scheme in UNIX. File management is a critical function in any computer system. From file creation to file protection, proper file management can alleviate common issues allowing a smoother user experience. Background UNIX has a very distinct file system. While the file directory system is similar to Windows, the users Graphical Users Interface (GUI) is not. UNIX utilizes a command line prompt where Windows provides an actual GUI to interact inside the file system. The standard double-click icon will not pertain to this paper. UNIX users are primarily system developers, programmers, and administrators. A common computer user, such as my workplace, primarily executes operations in a Windows based environment. Protection Scheme Traditional In traditional UNIX, â€Å"each UNIX user is assigned a unique user identification number (user ID)† (Stallings, 2012) or UID. When a user creates a file, his or her UID is attached to that file and designated as the owner. We will write a custom essay sample on File Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The user is also a member of a primary group as well as other groups. Allowing 4990 users access to this single file would require a users UID to be a member of either the creator’s primary group or in the group of the file’s parent directory with the proper SetGID permission set. In protecting this file, Bishop states â€Å"there are twelve permission bits in the protection word of a file; they customarily divided into groups of three (Bishop, 1987). † The bits represent the encoded permissions for the file’s owner and details how the file protection scheme is set. Modern More up to date UNIX and UNIX operating systems such as FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Linux, and Solaris use an access control list for permission setting and file protection. Stallings states â€Å"the administrator assigns a list of UNIX user IDs and groups to a file by using the setfac1 command. Any number of users and groups can be associated with a file (Stallings, 2012). † Access rights are assigned to each user or group by the owner or administrator with three protection bits (read, write, execute). This would allow 4990 users of a 5000 user group some type of access to a particular file. Conclusion In conclusion, this review covered how to specify and create a protection scheme in UNIX. Either via a traditional UNIX means or through a modern traditional means. Protection schemes are very important. One just has to take the time to understand how a file is protected and apply that knowledge to allow only the proper access to a file.

Osteoporosis in Human Physiology Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Osteoporosis is a upset of the skeleton ensuing from an change in bone remodeling. the procedure in which bone is broken down or reabsorb and replaced with new bone. It is characterized by increased osteoclastic activity and accelerated decrease in bone mass ( Figure 1 ) and a attendant impairment in the microarchitecture of bone taking to heighten bone breakability and an increased hazard of break. ( Sheldon J. Segal Ph. D. . Luigi D. Mastroianni Jr. . M. 2003 ) . Osteoporosis is the 4th most common and the 8th most expensive disease to handle in the United States. Annually. 1. 3 million breaks related to osteoporosis occur. the most frequent being 300. 000 hip and 700. 000 vertebrae breaks. The cost of this untreated disease is about $ 14 billion yearly. but seldom do primary attention suppliers talk about this disease to their patients. Although many adult females report believing about osteoporosis frequently. few ask inquiries about it. Osteoporosis is a disease that increases in frequence with progressing age. We will write a custom essay sample on Osteoporosis in Human Physiology Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page particularly in the female population. In adult females 13 % to 18 % ( 4 to 6 million ) have osteoporosis. and 37 % to 50 % ( 13 to 17 million ) have osteopenia. In work forces 3 % to 6 % ( 1 to 2 million ) have osteoporosis. and 28 % to 47 % have osteopenia. Thirty-seven per centum of visits for osteoporosis occur between the ages of 71 and 80. 28 % between the ages of 61 and 70. 20 % after age 80. and merely 10 % between the ages of 51 and 60. Fifty-nine per centum of the visits for osteoporosis are to primary attention doctors. but it is by and large other specializers who prescribe therapy for osteoporosis. ( Shari Munch. Sarah Shapiro. 2006 ) . FIGURE 1. Bone is invariably remolded during osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. ( Mary P. Sutphen. Bridie Andrews. 2003 ) . Osteoporotic breaks occur most often in the hips. vertebrae. and carpuss. Hip break. normally the consequence of a autumn. is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in older adult females. The incidence increases with age. and between 12 % and 20 % of all persons with hip break dice in the infirmary of complications. Approximately one-third of subsisters are left with some disablement. which limits their independency. Wrist breaks. which are besides normally incurred during a autumn. by and large heal wholly with few permanent effects. Vertebral breaks are frequently called â€Å"crush fractures† because they can take to vertebral compaction and a loss of tallness. When several vertebrae are involved. compaction can falsify the spinal column. taking to â€Å"dowager’s hump† ( Figure 2 ) . As spinal curvature additions. the rib coop sinks toward the pelvic girdle. doing internal variety meats to go cramped and accordingly making troubles with external respiratio n and GI uncomfortableness. ( Stephen H. Jenkins. 2004 ) . FIGURE 2. Compaction breaks of the vertebrae lead to loss of tallness and frontward bending of the upper spinal column. ( Mary P. Sutphen. Bridie Andrews. 2003 ) . PHYSIOLOGY OF OSTEOPOROSIS After peak bone denseness is reached. bone denseness remains stable for old ages and so diminutions. Considerable grounds suggests that bone loss begins before climacteric in adult females and in the 20s to 40s in work forces. Once the climacteric is established. the rate of bone mass is accelerated several creases in adult females. During the first 5 to 10 old ages of the climacteric. trabeculate bone is lost faster than cortical bone. with rates of about 2 to 4 % and 1 to 2 % per twelvemonth. severally. A adult female can lose 10 to 15 % of her cortical bone and 25 to 30 % of her trabeculate bone during this clip. a loss that can be prevented by estrogen replacing therapy. Furthermore. rates of bone loss vary well between adult females. A subset of adult females in whom ostopenia is more terrible than expected for their age are said to hold type1 or â€Å"post-menopausal† osteoporosis. Clinically type I osteoporosis frequently presents with vertebral â€Å"crush† breaks or â€Å"Colles† breaks. The mechanism whereby estrogen lack leads to cram loss is still non established. Recent grounds suggests that estrogen lack may increase local production of bone-resorbing cytokines such as interleukin ( IL ) 1. IL-6. and tumor mortification factor. Because estrogen besides increases local production of growing factors. such as insulin like growing factor1 and transforming growing factor beta that stimulates bone formation. estrogen lack might decrease bone formation. Estrogen lack increases the skeleton sensitiveness to the resorbtive effects of parathyroid endocrine. Estrogen lack hence leads to a little addition in serum Ca degree. Harmonizing to one hypothesis. increased Ca degrees suppress parathyroid endocrine secernments. thereby diminishing nephritic 1. 25- dihydroxy vitamin D formation. which so limits enteric Ca soaking up. Finally the find of estroge n receptors on bone-forming cells suggests that estrogen lack may besides change bone formation straight. ( Linda K. Larkey. Sharon Hoelscher Day. Linda Houtkooper. Ralph Renger. 2003 ) . Once the period of rapid station menopausal bone loss ends. bone loss continues at a more gradual rate throughout life. The osteopania that consequences from normal aging. which occurs in both adult females and work forces. has been termed type II or â€Å"Senile† osteoporosis. Because type II osteoporosis is associated with a more balanced lessening in cortical and trabeculate bone mass. breaks of hip. pelvic girdle. carpus. proximal humerus. proximal shinbone. and vertebral organic structures all occur normally. Factors that may be of import in the pathogenesis of type II osteoporosis include ; ( Marc H. Bornstein. Lucy Davidson. Corey L. M. Keyes. Kristin A. Moore. 2003 ) . Finally the differentiation between the type I and type II osteoporosis are frequently rather arbitrary. and there may be considerable convergence between these syndromes. ( Henry B. Biller. 2002 ) . Many of the upsets that can take to osteoporosis independent from the normal procedure of the climacteric in adult females and aging in both adult females and work forces should be considered when measuring patients with osteoporosis and include endogenous and exogenic glucocorticoid surplus. hypogonadism. thyrotoxicosis. hyperparathyroidism. vitamin D lack. GI diseases. bone marrow upsets. immobilisation. connective tissue diseases and certain drugs. ( Kate Terrio. Garry W. Auld. 2002 ) . Detection There are several techniques for gauging bone denseness. Single photon absorptiometry ( SPA ) and individual x-ray absorptiometry ( SXA ) are used to measure mineral content of the forearm. They measure chiefly cortical bone in which tissue loss is non evident until late in the class of the disease. Double x-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) gives a more accurate estimation of hazard. mensurating the mineral content of the entire cortical and trabeculate castanetss of the hip and spinal column and entire bone mass. Radiation exposure for this process is less than that of a standard spinal column X ray. ( Mayur M. Amonkar. Reema Mody. 2002 ) . PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Actual bar of osteoporosis must get down in the adolescent old ages. As adult females progressively live into their 80s and 90s the intervention of osteoporosis is going large concern. Mundy ( 1995 ) notes that though we soon have several effectual drugs for osteoporosis. clinical tests show that even better 1s are needed. At this clip osteoporotic harm can non be repaired. but bar of the reabsorption of bone with assorted pharmaceuticals is an of import end. ( Carol Lewis. 2002 ) . Hormone Replacement Therapy:Many surveies have shown that estrogen intercession. or hormone replacing therapy ( HRT ) . reduces the rate of bone loss. The effects of estrogen in forestalling bone loss can be seen instantly after climacteric. in adult females over 70 old ages old. and in those with established osteoporosis. Long-run estrogen usage ( more than 5 old ages ) . is associated with a decrease in the hazard of breaks of the hip and distal radius every bit good as of vertebral crush break. ( Milos Jenicek. 2002 ) . The manner of action of estrogen on bone is ill-defined. Recently estrogen receptors have been found in osteoblastic cells. proposing a stimulation of bone synthesis. Estrogens may besides act upon Ca homeostasis in the organic structure by increasing the hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D to its active 1. 25 signifier. ( Jay Herson. 2007 ) . Calcitonin:is a thyroid endocrine that. with the parathyroid endocrine. regulates calcium metamorphosis. Several surveies have demonstrated that injections or intranasal spray of this endocrine inhibit trabeculate bone loss and may cut down the incidence of osteoporotic break. In 1995. FDA approved the intranasal spray of calcitonin for intervention of osteoporosis. ( Michele C. Md Moore. Caroline M. De Md Costa. 2004 ) . Aminobisphosphonates:are a category of new drugs that are powerful inhibitors of bone reabsorption that do non retard bone formation. They are being tested in adult females with osteoporosis and look to increase trabeculate bone mass significantly without damage of cortical bone. A recent 3-year survey with this drug and 500-mg addendums of Ca found a lower rate of break in treated versus placebo-controlled topics. Application has been made to the Food and Drug Administration for blessing in intervention for osteoporosis. ( Simon J. Williams. Lynda Birke. Gillian A. Bendelow. 2003 ) . Calcium:Osteoporosis is non a disease ensuing from obvious lacks in vitamin D. Ca. and phosphate. but elusive lacks may account for the ability of Ca and vitamin D addendums to hold a good consequence on bone. Reduced Ca intake clearly can do bone loss by asking the usage of skeletal Ca to keep a changeless serum Ca degree. Although less effectual than HRT. day-to-day consumptions of 1500 to 1700 milligram of Ca with 5 to 10 milligram ( 400 to 800 IU ) of vitamin D in the early postmenopausal period have been shown to significantly retard bone loss from the lumbar spinal column and proximal thighbone and to cut down the hazard of hip and other nonvertebral breaks. Vitamin D:Recently. Dawson-Hughes and coworkers found that although consumptions of 5. 0 ?g of vitamin D are sufficient to restrict bone loss from the spinal column and the whole organic structure. sums every bit high as 20 ?g were needed to cut down bone loss from the hip ( femoral cervix ) . Recommendations from the Consensus Development Conference are for 5 to 10 ?g of vitamin D consumption. ( Ivar Sonbo Kristiansen. Gavin Mooney. 2004 ) . A man-made signifier of calcitrol ( 1. 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ) . the most physiologically active metabolite of vitamin D. has been used pharmacologically in intervention of post-menopausal osteoporosis with conflicting consequences. One clinical test of 622 adult females with mild to chair disease reported a significantly lower rate of new vertebral breaks after 3 old ages of intervention. Fluoride:stimulates bone formation by publicity of osteoblast proliferation ensuing in additions in trabeculate bone compared to cortical bone and additions in spinal bone denseness. Recent research makes fluoride intervention expression promising. but optimum dosage and regimens remain to be established. ( A. Alonso Aguirre. Richard S. Ostfeld. Gary M. Tabor. Carol House. Mary C. Pearl. 2002 ) . The NIH Consensus Development Conference concluded that fluoride did non look to take down the rate of vertebral break and may increase cortical break. However. preliminary surveies of a 2. 5-year intervention regimen of slow-release Na fluoride and 400 milligram of Ca citrate twice daily reported improved lumbar bone mass. improved cancellate bone quality. and a important decrease in vertebral break rates. However. other tests. which administered Na fluoride and Ca carbonate to adult females with postmenopausal osteoporosis for 4 old ages. found no important lessening in vertebral break rate with the fluoride intervention. ( Carole A. Carson. 2005 ) . Exercise:Physical activity plays an indispensable function in bar of osteoporosis by keeping bone mass. Weight-bearing activity such as alert walking 20 proceedingss or more day-to-day is first-class. It provides non merely mechanical force. spinal column and long bone motion. but besides sunlight exposure and vitamin D. ( Ernie Hood. 2003 ) . The skeleton is subjected to burden bearing emphasis of gravitation and forces from musculus contraction. These forces change the form of the bone. Bone mass additions in response to mechanical emphasis. Physical exercising enhances bone development. and vigorous exercising augments bone mineral denseness. Physically active people appear to hold higher bone denseness than those who are sedentary. and some surveies have reported a positive association between musculus strength and bone mass. particularly in premenopausal adult females. In add-on. there is grounds that a assortment of exercising plans have been associated with decreased hazard of falls in older grownups. ( Tobias Alfven. Lars Jarup. Carl-Gustaf Elinder. 2002 ) . Lifestyle alterations:are necessary for those with osteoporosis. particularly when there is grounds of feeding and imbibing forms of inordinate intoxicant. protein. salt. and caffeine. Decrease of coffin nail smoke is another alteration that becomes necessary. All of these surpluss cause bone to lose Ca. ( Angela J. Koestler Ph. D. . Ann Myers M. D. 2002 ) . Education/knowledge:is possibly the most of import issue in bar and intervention of osteoporosis. Knowledge about the sites most vulnerable to fracture through accidents. falls. back strain. and hapless position should be provided. Explanation should be given about alterations in the upper spinal column that occur when vertebrae are weakened. and the hurting that consequences from strain on the lower spinal column to counterbalance for balance and height alterations due to change of the upper spinal column. ( Terry Robson Diped Nd Ba. 2003 ) . Personal safety:should be addressed for those with osteoporosis to avoid falls. Places with good support should be worn. Bannisters should be used and walking in ill lighted countries should be avoided. Basic organic structure mechanics such as non flexing or raising heavy objects should be learned. Use of measure stools or chairs for making things in high topographic points should be discouraged. Home safety should include good lighting. railings. and other AIDSs as needed. Walks should be kept free of obstructions ; loose carpets and electrical cords should be arranged so that they do non do falls. ( Myrna Chandler Goldstein. Mark A. Goldstein M. D. 2002 ) . Decision It is neer excessively early or excessively late to originate lifestyle alterations to cut down loss of bone mass. Adolescents and immature grownups can construct maximum extremum bone mass with exercising and a balanced diet incorporating 1200 milligram of Ca and 5 ?g of vitamin D. For older adult females. HRT can minimise bone loss and. in some cases. advance osteogenic activity. Weight-bearing physical activity has the potency non merely to protect from farther bone loss but besides to better strength. mobility. flexibleness. legerity. and musculus strength. which may indirectly diminish the incidence of osteoporotic breaks by decreasing the likeliness of falling. Calcium and vitamin D are cardinal dietetic ingredients. Current recommendations ( 1500 milligram Ca. 10 to 20 ?g vitamin D ) for these alimentary sums exceed the RDA and may be hard to obtain through nutrient entirely. Addendums should be used with cautiousness. though. because extra vitamin D can do bone loss and neuro logic jobs. Other therapies. including fluoride. vitamin D parallels. and calcitonin. will doubtless has greater potency in the hereafter. ( V. Minichiello. I. Coulson. 2005 ) . Mentions: Angela J. Koestler Ph. D. . Ann Myers M. D ( 2002 ) . Understanding Chronic Pain ; University Press of Mississippi Carol Lewis ( 2002 ) . Osteoporosis and Men ; FDA Consumer. Vol. 36. September Carole A. Carson ( 2005 ) . The Importance of Bone Mineral Density in Women ; JOPERD–The Journal of Physical Education. Recreation A ; Dance. Vol. 76 Ernie Hood ( 2003 ) . Toward a New Understanding of Aging ; Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 111 Henry B. Biller ( 2002 ) . Creative Fitness: Applying Health Psychology and Exercise Science to Everyday Life ; Auburn House Ivar Sonbo Kristiansen. Gavin Mooney ( 2004 ) . Evidence Based Medicine: In Whose Interests? Routledge Jay Herson ( 2007 ) . The Coming Osteoporosis Epidemic: Trend Analysis ; an Aging Society Is About Certain to Be Characterized by a Weakening Population as the Ravages of Thin-Bone Diseases Affect More Peoples. A Health Futurist Analyzes the Trend’s Coming Impacts on Families. the Economy. Public Policy. and Social and Technological Innovation ; The Futurist. Vol. 41. March Kate Terrio. Garry W. Auld ( 2002 ) . Osteoporosis Knowledge. Calcium Intake. and Weight-Bearing Physical Activity in Three Age Groups of Women ; Journal of Community Health. Vol. 27 Linda K. Larkey. Sharon Hoelscher Day. Linda Houtkooper. Ralph Renger ( 2003 ) . Osteoporosis Prevention: Knowledge and Behavior in a Southwestern Community ; Journal of Community Health. Vol. 28 Marc H. Bornstein. Lucy Davidson. Corey L. M. Keyes. Kristin A. Moore ( 2003 ) . Well-Being: Positive Development across the Life Course ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mary P. Sutphen. Bridie Andrews ( 2003 ) . Medicine and Colonial Identity ; Routledge Mayur M. Amonkar. Reema Mody ( 2002 ) . Developing Profiles of Postmenopausal Women Being Prescribed Estrogen Therapy to Prevent Osteoporosis ; Journal of Community Health. Vol. 27 Michele C. Md Moore. Caroline M. De Md Costa ( 2004 ) . Do You Truly Necessitate Surgery? A Sensible Guide to Hysterectomy and Other Procedures for Women ; Rutgers University Press Milos Jenicek ( 2002 ) . Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine ; Parthenon Publishing Myrna Chandler Goldstein. Mark A. Goldstein M. D. ( 2002 ) . Controversies in Food and Nutrition ; Greenwood Press Shari Munch. Sarah Shapiro ( 2006 ) . The Silent Thief: Osteoporosis and Women’s Health Care across the Life Span ; Health and Social Work. Vol. 31 Sheldon J. Segal Ph. D. . Luigi D. Mastroianni Jr. . M ( 2003 ) . Hormone Use in Menopause A ; Male Andropause: A Choice for Women and Men ; Oxford University Press Simon J. Williams. Lynda Birke. Gillian A. Bendelow ( 2003 ) . Debating Biology: Sociological Contemplations on Health. Medicine. and Society ; Routledge Stephen H. Jenkins ( 2004 ) . How Science Works: Measuring Evidence in Biology and Medicine ; Oxford University Press Terry Robson Diped Nd Ba ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Complementary Medicine ; Allen A ; Unwin Tobias Alfven. Lars Jarup. Carl-Gustaf Elinder ( 2002 ) . Cadmium and Lead in Blood in Relation to Low Bone Mineral Density and Tubular Proteinuria ; Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 110

Twilight by Stephenie Meyer - Book Review

Twilight by Stephenie Meyer - Book Review Theres a reason more than 10 million Twilight series books are in print. Twilight, the first in the series, is the addictive story of two teenagers –- Bella, a regular girl, and Edward, a perfect gentleman, and a vampire. This is the type of book you might read in just a few sittings, becoming engrossed in its fantastical world and oblivious to your physical surroundings. While not the next great thing in modern literature, its a fun book to get lost in and comes to an end much too quickly. Pros Highly entertaining, fast-paced story of romance and suspenseRelatively clean for a teenage vampire love storyThe concept of good vampires is unusual and intriguing Cons The writing can be clunky at timesEdwards perfection can be over-the-top, even for a fictitious super-humanAt times, Edward and Bellas relationship can seem more like that of a father and daughter Description Twilight by Stephenie Meyer was first published in October 2005.Publisher: Little, Brown512 Pages Twilight by Stephenie Meyer: Book Review Twilight is told by 17-year-old Bella Swan, who moves from Phoenix to the small town of Forks, Washington, to live with her dad for the remainder of high school. There, she meets Edward Cullen and his family, who possess an other-worldly and irresistible beauty and grace to which Bella is drawn. Twilight is the tale of Bella and Edwards burgeoning relationship, brimming with standard teenage drama alongside the unexpected, because, after all, Edward and his family are vampires. These undead friends have chosen to deny their urge to drink human blood, instead slaking their thirst with the blood of animals. Bella soon finds out, however, that not all vampires in her life are constrained by such scruples. The book has been praised for its treatment of sexuality and morality. Although theres plenty of yearning and sensuality, there is no sex, drinking, or drug use. Edward refuses Bellas desire to be turned into a vampire herself, on grounds that it wouldnt be the right thing to do. Twilight is an easy and enjoyable read. Its first-person viewpoint keeps the pages turning. This isnt a masterpiece of literary achievement, however. You have to take it for what it is –- a unique and entertaining, if not flawlessly written, story. Twilight will almost certainly appeal to teenage girls and many women of all ages, but probably not to the majority of males. Its sure to make readers eager to devour the next three novels.

Little Skate Characteristics and Information

Little Skate Characteristics and Information The little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) is also known as the summer skate, little common skate, common skate, hedgehog skate, and tobacco box skate. They are classified as elasmobranchs, which means they are related to sharks and rays. Little skates are an Atlantic Ocean species that that live on the ocean bottom. In some areas, they are harvested and used as bait for other fisheries.   Description Like winter skates, little skates have a rounded snout and pectoral wings. They can grow to a length of about 21 inches and a weight of about 2 pounds. The dorsal side of a little skate may be dark brown, gray or light and dark brown in color. They may have dark spots on their dorsal surface. The ventral surface (underside) is lighter in coloration and may be white or light gray. Little skates have thorny spines which vary in size and location depending on age and sex. This species can be confused with the winter skate, which has a similar coloration and also lives in the North Atlantic Ocean.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ElasmobranchiiSubclass: NeoselachiiInfraclass: BatoideaOrder: RajiformesFamily: RajidaeGenus:  LeucorajaSpecies:  erinacea Habitat and Distribution Little skates are found in the North Atlantic Ocean from southeastern Newfoundland, Canada to North Carolina, U.S.   These are a bottom-dwelling species that prefer shallow waters but may be found in water depths up to about 300 feet. They frequent sandy or gravel-covered bottoms. Feeding The little skate has a varied diet that includes crustaceans, amphipods, polychaetes, mollusks, and fish. Unlike the similar-looking winter skate, which seems to be more active during the night, little skates are more active during the day.   Reproduction Little skates reproduce sexually, with internal fertilization. One obvious difference between male and female skates is that males have  claspers  (near their pelvic fins, that lie on each side of the tail) that are used to transfer sperm to fertilize the females eggs. The eggs are laid in a capsule commonly called mermaids purse. These capsules, which are about 2 inches long, have tendrils on each corner so that they can anchor to seaweed. The female produces 10 to 35 eggs per year. Within the capsule, the young are nourished by egg yolk. The gestation period is several months, after which the young skates hatch. They are 3 to 4 inches long when they are born and look like miniature adults.   Conservation and Human Uses Little skates are listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. They may be captured for food and the wings sold as imitation scallops or for use as other dishes. More often, they are harvested to be used as bait for lobster and eel traps. According to NOAA, that harvest occurs in Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland. References and Further Information: Bailly, N. 2014. Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill, 1825). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2014) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species.Kittle, K. Little Skate. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed February 28, 2015.NOAA Fisheries: Greater Atlantic Region. What Were Doing to Learn More About Skates. Accessed February 28, 2015.Sulak, K.J., MacWhirter, P.D., Luke, K.E., Norem, A.D., Miller, J.M., Cooper, J.A., and L.E. Harris. Identification Guide to Skates (Family Rajidae) of the Canadian Atlantic and Adjacent Regions. Accessed February 28, 2015.Sulikowski, J., Kulka, D.W. Gedamke, T. 2009. Leucoraja erinacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Downloaded on 28 February 2015.

Gay rights policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay rights policy - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to explore whether such marriages are actually relevant and how far they fit into American federalism. It also explores the way various states view same-sex marriages and the consequences of their laws and enactments. LGBT Rights There is little or nil proof regarding the misconduct of homosexual people. Most of the homosexual couples are ardently religious, are taxpaying citizens and do not indulge in unnecessary violence. Long term studies have proven the children bought up by them are completely capable of living a heterosexual life. Sexual orientation is an object of pure personal taste and choice, rather than a misdemeanour. Hence, it is entirely unacceptable for someone else like the government to intervene in such activities as it is no national, moral or religious threat. History of the Important Homosexuality Acts The total number of households with same-sex partners in the US is estimated to be 2.9 million according the 2000 census. But, it is e stimated the number of gay and lesbian people who do not live as couple or have disclosed themselves might reach up to 29 million, ten times the recorded rate. Homosexuality is viewed differently by each state government based on the dominant religious faith followed in the region. Virginia was the first state to declare same gender sex as a criminal act way back in 1610. The case was similar in many European countries too (Cory, 1951). Such views changed drastically by mid-1900's with the voice of the discriminated like the immigrants and the slaves being heard and honoured by the society. Illinois was the first place to decriminalize homosexuality in 1961. Massachusetts became the first state to elect a gay state legislator in 1967. Massachusetts recognized legalized same-sex marriages in 2003 (Morris, 2013). Such acts gathered both public support as well as agitation. President Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in 1996 which gave the states the authority to l icense or cancel the same sex marriages based on their internal beliefs. DOMA was ruled out on June 26, 2013 by the US Supreme Court. The State Statutes and DOMA The US federalism grants majority rights to states to make up their own laws and retains certain important rights with the federal government. DOMA was signed using this feature, granting the states the autonomy to decide whether they can legalize the same-sex marriages or not. Nearly 10 states recognized the same-sex marriages starting from 2001 one after another and granted equal right to the married homosexual couples. But, most of them did little to ensure the disclosed homosexuals are treated equally or protected against discrimination in terms of employment or receiving benefits. Though removal of DOMA have now legalized such marriage and the same-sex couples are naturally entitled to all the parental benefits the normal citizens can receive including the rights to adopt a child. Previously the rules regarding child a daption varied according to each state. Nearly 20 states in the US consider sexual orientation discrimination as an outlaw. Washington D.C. Evasive Role of the State Governments Hate crimes are also punishable in all states under the federal law according to the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009. Though it applicable to several Hate crimes from bullying in school to disability

Jainism, Sikhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jainism, Sikhism - Essay Example Sikhism is considered to be a new religion in India when compared to that of other religions such as Jainism or Hinduism. The religion has been founded by Guru Nanak. Some of the unique characteristics of the religion are that they do not belief in pilgrimage, superstitions, fasting as well as other such kinds of rites. It tries to provide services to the community and thus tries to extend its help to the ones who need them. The Sikhs are supposed to dress as per the Guru Gobind Singh’s order. According to the religious doctrines, the Sikhs should also wear turbans. Regular pray and meditation is done by means of repeating the name of the God. The Khalsas’ in the Sikh religion are expected to monitor five K’s such as Kaccha, Kara, Kirpan, Khanga and Kes. This religion does not follow any symbolism or ritualism. There are not any altars or idols in the Gurudwara. The fact that every Gurudwara keeps the holy Sikh Scripture, which is also known as Guru Granth Sahib or Satguru, is a unique characteristic (Pecorino, â€Å"Philosophy of Religion†). It can be mentioned that both the religions namely the Sikhism and the Jainism are of the belief that they are inhabitants to the Indian subcontinent. It was found that like Sikhism, Jainism also refused the power of the Vedas and thus developed independent textual norms and traditions that were based upon the words as well as the illustration of their early teachers. It finally evolved complete new ways of communicating their thoughts with the common people (Apex Learning, â€Å"3e Jainism and Sikhism†). The main similarities of both the religions are that both of them commemorate Diwali, a festival of lights. Jains are strictly vegetarians but the Sikhs are non-vegetarians. However, it can be observed that in Gurdwaras, the food that is served is completely vegetarian so that it is capable of obliging all the segments of the

Debut albums Essay Example for Free

Debut albums Essay High School. Those two words can either bring fear or happiness to anyone. Besides college, the most life altering period in one’s lifetime is the four years we must go through to finally reach that milestone of getting a diploma. High school is that time to find yourself. It’s that time where you’re expected to conduct yourself like an adult, but you still get treated like a kid, a time of confusion. Because I cannot speak for everybody’s opinions about high school, I will just share mine. I’ve realized that there is no other place in this world where you will find such a large array of people other than a public high school. You have your jocks, your honors students, your geeks, your goths, your skaters, your princesses (a. k. a. cheerleaders), your drama kids, and then you have those kids that don’t really fit into any other category but â€Å"you know, those kids. † Logically, you would think that there is absolutely no way all of those different types of people could get along, but for some unknown reason we do. School is like a whole other separate community, a business community. The C. E. O. and head honchos are the main office, the teachers are the workers, and we students are merely the entrepreneurs. With that said, I have figured out a reason on why we all get along. Every entrepreneur does what they do for all the same reasons, just like all of us students attend school for the same thing. Of course some of us attend more voluntarily than others but nevertheless, we all show up every morning for the same reason. We show up to learn, to prepare ourselves for the real world and what is to come. Most of us show up to better our chances of succeeding in education after high school. Another thing I’ve learned about high school is that for a place that is supposed to be all good and fun and educational, there sure are a lot of things that aren’t. The food isn’t good, the stressful work isn’t fun, and some classes might be educational but I sure don’t understand why the heck I have to take them, like Introduction to Animal Sciences for example. How is that helping me be prepared for the real world? However, because of these problems in the system of just about every high school, I’ve learned possibly the most valuable lessons of all: Life isn’t fair, you don’t always get what you want, and you can’t change people. The point of me telling you all of this isn’t to say what a great learning experience I’ve had or how I know that my way of life has been shaped by my experiences in school, but rather to point out that you can’t always focus on the differences, or the negatives in life, but instead to realize what you have in common, or what is good.

The Mill on the Floss :: Free Essays Online

The Mill on the Floss George Eliot and The Mill on the Floss: Understanding the Woman and the Work George Eliot was born Mary Ann Evans in 1819. Mary Anne was one of seven children. Eliot often incorporated depictions of her siblings’ and father’s personal characteristics into her literary works. We see her brother Isaac appear as Tom Tulliver in The Mill on the Floss; It is said that her relationship with her brother Isaac is unmatched, even by her father. They had a special bond. That bound was broken when she meets George Lewes in 1854. Lewes was a married man. Eliot fell in love with him anyway. They eloped in 1854. Eliot was ostracized by her society and, perhaps more damaging, her brother refused to speak to her. This had a profound affect on Eliot’s works and her life. The fact that Eliot was involved with Lewes is only one aspect of her life. When doing my research, I was pleased to see that she was an editor at the Westminster Review in 1851. She wanted to be independent, so she decided to take up journalism at the age of thirty-one. After writing critically, she decided to began writing her own work. She published three long stories, which were later published in volume form. These complied works became her first book Scenes from Clerical Life in 1958 (Ashton, 187). Though she had been writing professionally, Mary Ann Evens wasn’t known by George Eliot until 1857. She came up with the pen name â€Å"George Eliot† to elude to the public that she was a clergyman friend of her boyfriend George Lewes. She was forced to come â€Å"out† when Dickens suspected thought she was really a woman. She reveals her true identity to the public in 1959. Her books were successful, but she was consistently aware that her professional work was being judged based on how she decided to live out her personal life. George Lewes dies in 1878. Two years later she marries John Cross who was a family friend. He was twenty years her junior. George Eliot dies in 1885 from kidney problems. The Mill on the Floss is Eliot’s most autobiographical book. The scenery of the book was based on the community Eliot grew up in—Arbury on the outskirts of Warwickshire. Eliot knew that she wanted the story to include a flood. She did research at the London Library.

Regression Analysis

REGRESSION ANALYSIS Correlation only indicates the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. It does not, necessarily connote a cause-effect relationship. Even when there are grounds to believe the causal relationship exits, correlation does not tell us which variable is the cause and which, the effect. For example, the demand for a commodity and its price will generally be found to be correlated, but the question whether demand depends on price or vice-versa; will not be answered by correlation. The dictionary meaning of the ‘regression’ is the act of the returning or going back. The term ‘regression’ was first used by Francis Galton in 1877 while studying the relationship between the heights of fathers and sons. â€Å"Regression is the measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the original units of data. † The line of regression is the line, which gives the best estimate to the values of one variable for any specific values of other variables. For two variables on regression analysis, there are two regression lines. One line as the regression of x on y and other is for regression of y on x. These two regression line show the average relationship between the two variables. The regression line of y on x gives the most probable value of y for given value of x and the regression line of x and y gives the most probable values of x for the given value of y. For perfect correlation, positive or negative i. e. for r=  ±, the two lines coincide i. e. we will find only one straight line. If r=0, i. e. both the variance are independent then the two lines will cut each other at a right angle. In this case the two lines will be  ¦to x and y axis. The Graph is given below:- We restrict our discussion to linear relationships only that is the equations to be considered are 1- y=a+bx – x=a+by In equation first x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable. Conditional on the x value, the equations gives the variation of y. In other words ,it means that corresponding to each value of x ,there is whole conditional probability distribution of y. Similar discussion holds for the equation second, where y acts as independent variable and x as dependent variable. What purpose does regression line serve? 1- The first object is to estimate the dependent variable from known values of independent variable. This is possible from regression line. – The next objective is to obtain a measure of the error involved in using regression line for estimation. 3- With the help of regression coefficients we can calculate the correlation coefficient. The square of correlation coefficient (r), is called coefficient of determination, measure the degree of association of correlation that exits between two variables. What is the difference between correlation and linear regression? Correlation and linear regression are not the same. Consider these differences: †¢ Correlation quantifies the degree to which two variables are related. Correlation does not find  a best-fit line (that is regression). You simply are computing a correlation coefficient (r) that tells you how much one variable tends to change when the other one does. †¢ With correlation you don't have to think about cause and effect. You simply quantify how well two variables relate to each other. With regression, you do have to think about cause and effect as the regression line is determined as the best way to predict Y from X. †¢ With correlation,  it doesn't matter which of the two variables you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y†. You'll get the same correlation coefficient if you swap the two. With linear regression, the decision of which variable you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y† matters a lot, as you'll get a different best-fit line if you swap the two. The line that best predicts Y from X is not the same as the line that predicts X from Y. †¢ Correlation is almost always used when you measure both variables. It rarely is appropriate when one variable is something you experimentally manipulate. With linear regression, the X variable is often something you experimental manipulate (time, concentration†¦ and the Y variable is something you measure. Regression analysis is widely used for  prediction  (including  forecasting  of  time-series  data). Use of regression analysis for prediction has substantial overlap with the field of  machine learning. Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable, and to explore the forms of these relationships. In restricted circumstances, regression analysis can be used to infer  causal relationships  between the independent and dependent variables. A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been developed. Familiar methods such as  linear regression  and  ordinary least squares  regression are  parametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknown  parameters  that are estimated from the  data. Nonparametric regression  refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of  functions, which may beinfinite-dimensional. The performance of regression analysis methods in practice depends on the form of the data-generating process, and how it relates to the regression approach being used. Since the true form of the data-generating process is not known, regression analysis depends to some extent on making assumptions about this process. These assumptions are sometimes (but not always) testable if a large amount of data is available. Regression models for prediction are often useful even when the assumptions are moderately violated, although they may not perform optimally. However when carrying out  inference  using regression models, especially involving small  effects  or questions of  causality  based on  observational data, regression methods must be used cautiously as they can easily give misleading results. Underlying assumptions Classical assumptions for regression analysis include: ? The sample must be representative of the population for the inference prediction. ? The error is assumed to be a  random variable  with a mean of zero conditional on the explanatory variables. ? The variables are error-free. If this is not so, modeling may be done using  errors-in-variables model  techniques. ? The predictors must be  linearly independent, i. e. it must not be possible to express any predictor as a linear combination of the others. SeeMulticollinearity. The errors are  uncorrelated, that is, the  variance-covariance matrix  of the errors is  diagonal  and each non-zero element is the variance of the error. ? The variance of the error is constant across observations (homoscedasticity). If not,  weighted least squares  or other methods might be used. These are sufficient (but not all necessary) conditions for the least-squares estimator to possess desirable propertie s, in particular, these assumptions imply that the parameter estimates will be  unbiased,  consistent, and  efficient  in the class of linear unbiased estimators. Many of these assumptions may be relaxed in more advanced treatments. Basic Formula of Regression Analysis:- X=a+by (Regression line x on y) Y=a+bx (Regression line y on x) 1st – Regression equation of x on y:- 2nd – Regression equation of y on x:- Regression Coefficient:- Case 1st – when x on y means regression coefficient is ‘bxy’ Case 2nd – when y on x means regression coefficient is ‘byx’ Least Square Estimation:- The main object of constructing statistical relationship is to predict or explain the effects on one dependent variable resulting from changes in one or more explanatory variables. Under the least square criteria, the line of best fit is said to be that which minimizes the sum of the squared residuals between the points of the graph and the points of straight line. The least squares method is the most widely used procedure for developing estimates of the model parameters. The graph of the estimated regression equation for simple linear regression is a straight line approximation to the relationship between y and x. When regression equations obtained directly that is without taking deviation from actual or assumed mean then the two Normal equations are to be solved simultaneously as follows; For Regression Equation of x on y i. e. x=a+by The two Normal Equations are:- For Regression Equation of y on x i. e. y=a+bx The two Normal Equations are:- Remarks:- 1- It may be noted that both the regression coefficient ( x on y means bxy and y on x means byx ) cannot exceed 1. 2- Both the regression coefficient shall either be positive + or negative -. 3- Correlation coefficient (r) will have same sign as that of regression coefficient. Regression Analysis REGRESSION ANALYSIS Correlation only indicates the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. It does not, necessarily connote a cause-effect relationship. Even when there are grounds to believe the causal relationship exits, correlation does not tell us which variable is the cause and which, the effect. For example, the demand for a commodity and its price will generally be found to be correlated, but the question whether demand depends on price or vice-versa; will not be answered by correlation. The dictionary meaning of the ‘regression’ is the act of the returning or going back. The term ‘regression’ was first used by Francis Galton in 1877 while studying the relationship between the heights of fathers and sons. â€Å"Regression is the measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the original units of data. † The line of regression is the line, which gives the best estimate to the values of one variable for any specific values of other variables. For two variables on regression analysis, there are two regression lines. One line as the regression of x on y and other is for regression of y on x. These two regression line show the average relationship between the two variables. The regression line of y on x gives the most probable value of y for given value of x and the regression line of x and y gives the most probable values of x for the given value of y. For perfect correlation, positive or negative i. e. for r=  ±, the two lines coincide i. e. we will find only one straight line. If r=0, i. e. both the variance are independent then the two lines will cut each other at a right angle. In this case the two lines will be  ¦to x and y axis. The Graph is given below:- We restrict our discussion to linear relationships only that is the equations to be considered are 1- y=a+bx – x=a+by In equation first x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable. Conditional on the x value, the equations gives the variation of y. In other words ,it means that corresponding to each value of x ,there is whole conditional probability distribution of y. Similar discussion holds for the equation second, where y acts as independent variable and x as dependent variable. What purpose does regression line serve? 1- The first object is to estimate the dependent variable from known values of independent variable. This is possible from regression line. – The next objective is to obtain a measure of the error involved in using regression line for estimation. 3- With the help of regression coefficients we can calculate the correlation coefficient. The square of correlation coefficient (r), is called coefficient of determination, measure the degree of association of correlation that exits between two variables. What is the difference between correlation and linear regression? Correlation and linear regression are not the same. Consider these differences: †¢ Correlation quantifies the degree to which two variables are related. Correlation does not find  a best-fit line (that is regression). You simply are computing a correlation coefficient (r) that tells you how much one variable tends to change when the other one does. †¢ With correlation you don't have to think about cause and effect. You simply quantify how well two variables relate to each other. With regression, you do have to think about cause and effect as the regression line is determined as the best way to predict Y from X. †¢ With correlation,  it doesn't matter which of the two variables you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y†. You'll get the same correlation coefficient if you swap the two. With linear regression, the decision of which variable you call â€Å"X† and which you call â€Å"Y† matters a lot, as you'll get a different best-fit line if you swap the two. The line that best predicts Y from X is not the same as the line that predicts X from Y. †¢ Correlation is almost always used when you measure both variables. It rarely is appropriate when one variable is something you experimentally manipulate. With linear regression, the X variable is often something you experimental manipulate (time, concentration†¦ and the Y variable is something you measure. Regression analysis is widely used for  prediction  (including  forecasting  of  time-series  data). Use of regression analysis for prediction has substantial overlap with the field of  machine learning. Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable, and to explore the forms of these relationships. In restricted circumstances, regression analysis can be used to infer  causal relationships  between the independent and dependent variables. A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been developed. Familiar methods such as  linear regression  and  ordinary least squares  regression are  parametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknown  parameters  that are estimated from the  data. Nonparametric regression  refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of  functions, which may beinfinite-dimensional. The performance of regression analysis methods in practice depends on the form of the data-generating process, and how it relates to the regression approach being used. Since the true form of the data-generating process is not known, regression analysis depends to some extent on making assumptions about this process. These assumptions are sometimes (but not always) testable if a large amount of data is available. Regression models for prediction are often useful even when the assumptions are moderately violated, although they may not perform optimally. However when carrying out  inference  using regression models, especially involving small  effects  or questions of  causality  based on  observational data, regression methods must be used cautiously as they can easily give misleading results. Underlying assumptions Classical assumptions for regression analysis include: ? The sample must be representative of the population for the inference prediction. ? The error is assumed to be a  random variable  with a mean of zero conditional on the explanatory variables. ? The variables are error-free. If this is not so, modeling may be done using  errors-in-variables model  techniques. ? The predictors must be  linearly independent, i. e. it must not be possible to express any predictor as a linear combination of the others. SeeMulticollinearity. The errors are  uncorrelated, that is, the  variance-covariance matrix  of the errors is  diagonal  and each non-zero element is the variance of the error. ? The variance of the error is constant across observations (homoscedasticity). If not,  weighted least squares  or other methods might be used. These are sufficient (but not all necessary) conditions for the least-squares estimator to possess desirable propertie s, in particular, these assumptions imply that the parameter estimates will be  unbiased,  consistent, and  efficient  in the class of linear unbiased estimators. Many of these assumptions may be relaxed in more advanced treatments. Basic Formula of Regression Analysis:- X=a+by (Regression line x on y) Y=a+bx (Regression line y on x) 1st – Regression equation of x on y:- 2nd – Regression equation of y on x:- Regression Coefficient:- Case 1st – when x on y means regression coefficient is ‘bxy’ Case 2nd – when y on x means regression coefficient is ‘byx’ Least Square Estimation:- The main object of constructing statistical relationship is to predict or explain the effects on one dependent variable resulting from changes in one or more explanatory variables. Under the least square criteria, the line of best fit is said to be that which minimizes the sum of the squared residuals between the points of the graph and the points of straight line. The least squares method is the most widely used procedure for developing estimates of the model parameters. The graph of the estimated regression equation for simple linear regression is a straight line approximation to the relationship between y and x. When regression equations obtained directly that is without taking deviation from actual or assumed mean then the two Normal equations are to be solved simultaneously as follows; For Regression Equation of x on y i. e. x=a+by The two Normal Equations are:- For Regression Equation of y on x i. e. y=a+bx The two Normal Equations are:- Remarks:- 1- It may be noted that both the regression coefficient ( x on y means bxy and y on x means byx ) cannot exceed 1. 2- Both the regression coefficient shall either be positive + or negative -. 3- Correlation coefficient (r) will have same sign as that of regression coefficient.

Eminem and Craig David

In this speech, I am talking about two very famous singers, Eminem and Craig David. They are both very brilliant at making songs but in there own and very different ways. Eminem is generally known for all the swearing in all his songs, well he is known for that by the parents at least. He has had to face the courts due to too many parents complaining that Eminem is too influential on there children in a very bad way. He always makes a clean version of his album so his daughter, Hailey can listen to his songs in her little cassette player. He always puts her first. He believes that fame is nothing without being able to share it with his daughter and wife. Eminem has made many friends in the music industry, such as his protà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Dr Dre. He has also made a pact with snoop dogg, d12, dido and many other singers. Whereas Craig David has not made a song with anyone and has not shown that he has any celebrity friends, at least in his songs, this could mean he is a true solo artist, or he is a lonely person. Both of these artists had a low point in there career but the both eventually came back. Eminem came back with a song called ‘without me' saying that he is back and you should tell a friend, and that he has got through all his law suits. Craig David recently came back with ‘what's your flava' comparing ice cream to a lady, in the end his favourite flavour is chocolate. I did not really like this song. Craig David uses his vocal talent to a high extent to a create a beat that people like. He mainly talks about ladies in songs, like in his latest song, ‘eenie meenie'. Eminem does not really sing, he raps giving the song a great beat that has a lot of rhyming in it, you can feel his emotion when he sings in his songs, showing he has passion towards certain songs. He normally bases his songs on the way of life, past experiences he claims to have had, situations and things he loves or hates. In his album, the Eminem show, he has dedicated a song to Hailey showing that he really loves her. I think that Eminem's songs are brilliant but some might say that they are depressing and has bad influence on people, but I don't think that. Craig David is very good when he wants to be, his song ‘what your flava' was not that good in my opinion because he had not written a song in a while and I figure he was a little out of touch. But his other song eenie meenie is brilliant because he is mixing different styles of music making a brilliant tune in my opinion. Overall, I think that they are both good but Eminem is a lot better and down to Earth and has more meaning in his songs.

Europe and the American Revolutionary War

Europe and the American Revolutionary War Fought between 1775 and 1783, the American Revolutionary War, otherwise known as the American War of Independence was primarily a conflict between the British Empire and some of its American colonists, who triumphed and created a new nation: the United States of America. France played a vital role in aiding the colonists, but accrued great debt in doing so, partly causing the French Revolution. Causes of the American Revolution Britain may have triumphed in the French and Indian War of 1754–1763, which was fought in North America on behalf of Anglo-American colonists but it had spent considerable sums to do so. The British government decided that the colonies of North America should contribute more to its defense and raised taxes. Some colonists were unhappy with this - merchants among them were especially upset - and British heavy-handedness exacerbated a belief that the British weren’t allowing them enough rights in return, even though some colonists had no problems owning slaves. This situation was summed up in the revolutionary slogan â€Å"No Taxation without Representation.† Colonists were also unhappy that Britain was preventing them from expanding further out into America, partly as a result of agreements with Native Americans agreed after the Pontiac rebellion of 1763–4, and the Quebec Act of 1774, which expanded Quebec to cover vast areas of what is now the USA. The lat ter allowed French Catholics to retain their language and religion, further angering the predominantly Protestant colonists. Tensions rose between the two sides, fanned by expert colonial propagandists and politicians, and finding expression in mob violence and brutal attacks by rebel colonists. Two sides developed: pro-British loyalists and anti-British ‘patriots’. In December 1773, citizens in Boston dumped a consignment of tea into a harbor in protest of taxes. The British responded by closing down Boston Harbour and imposing limits on civilian life. As a result, all but one of the colonies gathered in the ‘First Continental Congress’ in 1774, promoting a boycott of British goods. Provincial congresses formed, and the militia was raised for war. 1775: The Powder Keg Explodes On April 19th, 1775 the British governor of Massachusetts sent a small group of troops to confiscate powder and arms from colonial militiamen, and also arrest ‘troublemakers’ who were agitating for war. However, the militia was given notice in the form of Paul Revere and other riders and was able to prepare. When the two sides met in Lexington someone, unknown, fired, initiating a battle. The ensuing Battles of Lexington, Concord and after saw the militia - crucially including large numbers of Seven Year War veterans - harass the British troops back to their base in Boston. The war had begun, and more militia gathered outside Boston. When the Second Continental Congress met there was still hope of peace, and they weren’t yet convinced about declaring independence, but they named George Washington, who had happened to be present at the start of the French Indian war, as leader of their forces. Believing that militias alone would not be enough, he started to raise a Continental Army. After a hard fought battle at Bunker Hill, the British could not break the militia or the siege of Boston, and King George III declared the colonies in rebellion; in reality, they had been for some time. Two Sides, Not Clearly Defined This wasn’t a clear-cut war between the British and the American colonists. Between a fifth and a third of the colonists supported Britain and remained loyal, while it’s estimated another third remained neutral where possible. As such it has been called a civil war; at the close of the war, eighty thousand colonists loyal to Britain fled from the US. Both sides had experienced veterans of the French Indian war among their soldiers, including major players like Washington. Throughout the war, both sides used militia, standing troops and ‘irregulars’. By 1779 Britain had 7000 loyalists under arms. (Mackesy, The War for America, p. 255) War Swings Back and Forth A rebel attack on Canada was defeated. The British pulled out of Boston by March 1776 and then prepared for an attack on New York; on July 4th, 1776 the thirteen colonies declared their independence as the United States of America. The British plan was to make a swift counterstrike with their army, isolating perceived key rebel areas, and then use a naval blockade to force the Americans to come to terms before Britain’s European rivals joined the Americans. British troops landed that September, defeating Washington and pushing his army back, allowing the British to take New York. However, Washington was able to rally his forces and win at Trenton, where he defeated German troops working for Britain, keeping morale up among the rebels and damaging loyalist support. The naval blockade failed because of overstretching, allowing valuable supplies of arms to get into the US and keep the war alive. At this point, the British military had failed to destroy the Continental Army and ap peared to have lost every valid lesson of the French and Indian War. The British then pulled out of New Jersey, alienating their loyalists, and moved to Pennsylvania, where they won a victory at Brandywine, allowing them to take the colonial capital of Philadelphia. They defeated Washington again. However, they didn’t pursue their advantage effectively and the loss of the US capital was small. At the same time, British troops tried to advance down from Canada, but Burgoyne and his army were cut off, outnumbered, and forced to surrender at Saratoga, thanks in part to Burgoyne’s pride, arrogance, desire for success, and resulting poor judgment, as well as the failure of British commanders to co-operate. The International Phase Saratoga was only a small victory, but it had a major consequence: France seized upon the chance to damage her great imperial rival and moved from secret support for the rebels to overt help, and for the rest of the war they sent crucial supplies, troops, and naval support. Now Britain couldn’t focus entirely on the war as France threatened them from around the world; indeed, France became the priority target and Britain seriously considered pulling out of the new US entirely to focus on its European rival. This was now a world war, and while Britain saw the French islands of the West Indies as a viable replacement for the thirteen colonies, they had to balance their limited army and navy over many areas. Caribbean islands soon changed hands between the Europeans. The British then pulled out of advantageous positions on the Hudson River to reinforce Pennsylvania. Washington had his army and forced it through training while camped for the harsh winter. With the aims of the British in America scaled right back, Clinton, the new British commander, withdrew from Philadelphia and based himself in New York. Britain offered the US a joint sovereignty under a common king but were rebuffed. The King then made it clear he wanted to try and retain the thirteen colonies and feared that US independence would lead to the loss of the West Indies (something Spain also feared), to which troops were sent from the US theater. The British moved the emphasis to the south, believing it to be full of loyalists thanks to information from refugees and trying for piecemeal conquest. But the loyalists had risen before the British arrived, and there was now little explicit support; brutality flowed from both sides in a civil war. British victories at Charleston under Clinton and Cornwallis at Camden were followed by loyalist defeats. Cornwallis continued to win victories, but tenacious rebel commanders prevented the British from achieving success. Orders from the north now forced Cornwallis to base himself at Yorktown, ready for resupply by sea. Victory and Peace A combined Franco-American army under Washington and Rochambeau decided to shift their troops down from the north with the hope of cutting Cornwallis off before he moved. French naval power then fought a draw at the Battle of Chesapeake - arguably the key battle of the war - pushing the British navy and vital supplies away from Cornwallis, ending any hope of immediate relief. Washington and Rochambeau besieged the city, forcing Cornwallis’ surrender. This was the last major action of the war in America, as not only was Britain faced with a worldwide struggle against France, but Spain and Holland had joined. Their combined shipping could compete with the British navy, and a further ‘League of Armed Neutrality’ was harming British shipping. Land and sea battles were fought in the Mediterranean, the West Indies, India and West Africa, and an invasion of Britain was threatened,  leading to panic. Furthermore, over 3000 British merchant ships had been captured (Marston, American War of Independence, 81). The British still had troops in America and could send more, but their will to continue was sapped by a global conflict, the massive cost both of fighting the war - the National Debt had doubled - and reduced trade income, along with a lack of explicitly loyal colonists, led to the resignation of a Prime Minister and the opening of peace negotiations. These produced the Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3rd, 1783, with the British recognizing the thirteen former colonies as independent, as well as settling other territorial issues. Britain had to sign treaties with France, Spain and the Dutch. Aftermath For France, the war incurred massive debt, which helped push it into revolution, bring down the king, and start a new war. In America, a new nation had been created, but it would take a civil war for ideas of representation and freedom to become a reality. Britain had relatively few losses aside from the US, and the focus of empire switched to India. Britain resumed trading with the Americas and now saw their empire as more than simply a trading resource, but a political system with rights and responsibilities. Historians like Hibbert argue that the aristocratic class which had led the war was now deeply undermined, and power began to transform into a middle class. (Hibbert, Redcoats and Rebels, p.338).

Skate Characteristics and Information

Skate Characteristics and Information Skates are a type of cartilaginous fish that have a flat body and wing-like pectoral fins attached to their head. If you can picture a stingray, you know basically what a skate looks like. There are dozens of species of skates. According to the Florida Museum of Natural History, the common skate is the largest skate species - it can reach over 8 feet in length. At only about 30 inches, the starry skate is the smallest skate species. Description of a Skate Fish Like stingrays, skates have a long, whip-like tail and breathe through spiracles. Breathing through spiracles allows the skate to rest on the ocean bottom and get oxygenated water through openings in their head, rather than breathing in water and sand from the ocean bottom. Skates may also have a prominent dorsal fin (or two fins) near the end of their tail, while rays usually do not. While many fish propel themselves by flexing their bodies and using their tail, skates move by flapping their wing-like pectoral fins. Unlike stingrays, skates do not have a venomous spine in their tail. Classification Skates are a type of cartilaginous fish. They are classified in the order Rajiformes, which contains a dozen families, including the families Anacanthobatidae and Rajidae, which include skates and smooth skates. Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ElasmobranchiiOrder: Rajiformes Feeding Skates eat shellfish, worms, and crabs. They have strong teeth and jaws, allowing them to easily crush shells. Habitat and Distribution Skates live throughout the world. Skates spend most of their time on the ocean bottom. Reproduction Reproduction is another way that skates differ from rays. Skates bear their young in eggs, while rays bear live young. Thus, skates are oviparous. With rays, the young develop in eggs that are retained in the mothers body, thus they are ovoviviparous. Skates mate at the same nursery grounds each year. Male skates have claspers that they use to transmit sperm to the female, and eggs are fertilized internally. The eggs develop into a capsule called an egg case- or more commonly, a mermaids purse - and then are deposited onto the ocean floor. These mermaids purses sometimes wash up on beaches. The egg cases may sit on the ocean floor, or attach to seaweeds. Inside the egg case, a yolk nourishes the embryos. The young may remain in the egg case for up to 15 months, and then hatch looking like miniature adult skates. Conservation and Human Uses Skates are harmless to humans. Skates are commercially harvested  for their wings, which are considered tasty (Skate Wing With Butter, anyone?). The flesh of a skates wing is said to be similar to the taste and texture of scallops. They are usually harvested  using  otter trawls. Skate wings can also be used for lobster bait, and to make fish meal and pet food. In addition to commercial fisheries, skates may also be caught as bycatch. Some U.S. skate species, such as the thorny skate, are considered overfished, and management plans are in place in the U.S. to protect skate populations through methods such as fishing trip limits, and possession prohibitions. Skate Species Below are some examples of skate species found in the U.S.: Barndoor Skate (Dipturus laevis)Big Skate (Raja binoculata)Longnose Skate (Raja rhina)Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata)Winter Skate (Leucoraja ocellata)Little Skate (Leucoraja erinacea) Sources Bester, Cathleen. Ray and Skate Basics (Online). Florida Museum of Natural History: Icthyology.   Canadian Shark Research Lab. 2007. Skates and Rays of Atlantic Canada: Reproduction. Canadian Shark Research Lab.   Coulombe, Deborah A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster. Sosebee, Kathy. Skates - Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US. NOAA NEFSC - Resource Evaluation and Assessment Division. World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). WoRMS Taxon List.

Islamic Rites of Passage Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Islamic Rites of Passage Study - Essay Example The hope is that the person will die with the Shahada on their lips; Washing and Shrouding of the body in a clean white cloth (kafn), is a tradition passed down from Abraham and symbolizes not only purity, cleanliness and simplicity, but adherence to the Quran. As Muhammud said, "When one of you shrouds his dead brother, he should shroud him in the best of manners." All Islamic rituals demand purification before performance. The absence of color, the cleansing of the body, also signify a transition from worldly contamination, and preparation for a better, holier place. A variant on this practice is that those who die as martyrs may be buried in their own clothes, and some sects will use three sheets, while others only one. Performing such rituals on the body not only reaffirms faith, but allows comfort for the bereaved, who are caring for and helping the lost loved one. Funeral Prayers (Salat-l-Janazah) are said outdoors, with the Imam standing in front of the body. These are similar to the five daily prayers, with the first said aloud, the others silently, and known as Takbirs. The time, place, language, objects and actions provide a continuity, yet a transition from life to death, and allows individuals to add their own silent intentions for the person. Burial, which takes place quickly after death, to avoid worldly contamination, is always facing Mecca, and in a simple grave.

The managment of corporate social responsibility in developing Essay

The managment of corporate social responsibility in developing economies - Essay Example It is also seen that in the developing economies, monitory power is concentrated in the few industrial and corporate houses, which constitute the core area in the development. Yet another major feature of the economy is that it has emerging market with vast potential, which attracts lots of foreign investments and multinationals with their numerous products. It is a fact that government alone cannot be responsible for the socio economic development of its population. Though it provides the basic guiding principles and policy parameters of development process in the various core areas, people must also take up the cudgels to get involved into the process along with the government, if the country is to achieve the distinction of sustainable development that percolates down to the people living at poverty line. Hence, according to social scientists and economists, the corporate houses including the multinationals, must get involved in exercising their social responsibility with right earnest and contribute towards the all round development of the nation, especially the underprivileged segment of the society and the underdeveloped region which may even lack the basic infrastructural facilities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a relatively new concept that is becoming increasing more popular among the multinationals and big corporate houses which have significant presence in a developing countries or are intending to enter the emerging market of developing economies. ‘The relationship between companies and civil society organizations has moved on from paternalistic philanthropy to a re-examination of the roles, rights and responsibilities of business in society. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), defined in terms of the responsiveness of businesses to stakeholders’ legal, ethical, social and environmental expectations, is one outcome of these developments’ (UNIDO, 2002). The last few years have seen rising cases of CSR in the socially

New article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New - Article Example The number of cars recalled is staggering and the effect on profits substantial although not yet determined. The drop in profits will undoubtedly make for displeased employees since they had agreed to share profits, as opposed to base increases in their pay in previous negotiations. This is important especially since there had been a steady climb in their take home bonuses in recent years. Information from this article is relevant to management because there reaches a time when organization and company management have to make the tough decisions. In most cases, such decisions are set to benefit the company or organization in the long term. Decision-making is an important part of managing any organization for it to be successful in the market. The fact that the author is a known reporter for CNN makes the article valid and reliable. The author provides information on the reasons for the recall and effects it would have to the company in terms of profits. Despite the recall, the company has still managed to make 1.4 million dollars in third quarter profits. The article does not tell us whether this will have a cushioning effect on the company and workers or not. It also does not say whether the employees have job security worries in their future. It centers around the expected drop in profits for the company and the attendant effect on the employees, giving figures to support this argument. It is very informative on the costs of the recall, and the figures leave no doubt, on how grave the situation is. This must surely be the reason for the initial decision not to disclose the defects. The article describes what led to the recall and its immediate effects on the company. However, the article is scanty on other charges levied to the company by various statutory authorities for failure to recall cars despite being aware of defects. It is also scant on the attendant investigations being

Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma

Nature of Granular Cells in Granular Cell Ameloblastoma IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY Objective: To evaluate the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma Study Design: Tissue specimens of five patients with granular cell ameloblastoma were fixed in buffered formalin and later embedded in paraffin wax. Blocks were sliced into 3micron thick sections for immunohistochemicalanalysis using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53,Cytokeratin(AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin Results: All five cases were strongly positive for cytokeratin and CD68. S100 was negative in three cases and showed mild positivity in two cases . Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminwere negative in all the five cases. Conclusions: This study presents a heterogenous nature of the granular cells, however further validation is required with a larger sample size. INTRODUCTION: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumour usually located in the jaw bone [1]. It is considered to be the most common odontogenic tumor. It is a tumor of the enamel organ without formation of enamel. Robinson has defined it as: Unicentric, nonfunctional, intermittent in growth, anatomically benign and clinically persistent. The importance of this tumor lies in its common occurrence, locally invasive behavior which causes marked deformity and serious debilitation. They also demonstrate increased recurrence rate after surgery. [2]It has a distinctive microscopic appearance characterized by the presence of peripheral columnar cells with hyperchromatic, reversely polarized nuclei, arranged in a palisaded pattern. [3] Conventional solid or multicysticameloblastoma exhibits six microscopic subtypes namely follicular, plexiform, acanthomatous, granular cell, desmoplastic and basal cell ameloblastoma. [4]. The follicular and plexiform patterns are the most frequent. Less common histopathologic subtypes include the acanthomathous, granular cell, desmoplastic, and basal cell [1,5] Granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA) is one of the rare histological variants of ameloblastomaaccounting for only 3. 5% of ameloblastomas. [5] Granular cell ameloblastoma is characterized by nests of large, eosinophilic granular cells. [6] Aggressive behaviour has been ruled out by many studies and suggest that granular cells are just a transitional or matured phase in the life cycle of ameloblastomas, starting with normal stellate reticulum-like cells, leading to a production of granules and finally leading to degeneration and formation of cystic areas. [7] Whether granular cell change in ameloblastoma is a degenerative process or a harbinger of a more aggressive course is a matter of debate. [8] [Figure 1 2] Previous studies have carried out ultrastructural, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the nature of the granular cells , though the mechanism involved is poorly understood. The present study attempts to do an immunohistochemical analysis with a panel of markers to study the nature of granular cells in granular cell ameloblastoma. Due to its rarity accounting to 3. 5%, literature search revealed that majority of them were single case studies . This study is the first of its kind to report antigenic characterization in five such cases with a wide range of markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case Selection: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of granular cell ameloblastoma were retrieved from the archives of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SRM Dental College, Chennai. The clinical data of the patients are listed in table 1. Immunohistochemical Analysis: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 3 µ tissue sections on poly-L-Lysine coated slides (Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Pre-diluted ready to use primary monoclonal mouse anti CD-68, anti – Bcl2,anti-S 100, anti-P53, anti-cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3), anti-Vimentin and anti-Desmin(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US)were used followed by thesuper sensitive polymer HRP detection system(Biogenix Life Sciences Limited, CA, US). Colored reactions were developed by incubating with 33-diaminobenzidine and subsequently counterstained with Harris hematoxylin. Positive and negative controls were included in all reactions. Presence of brown coloured end product at the site of target antigen was indicative of positive immunoreactivity. Evaluation of theimmunoreactivity was based on staining intensity and wereclassified asweak, moderate, and strong. Localization of positively stained cells in peripheral ameloblast-like cells, central stellate reticulum like cells , and granular cells were also evaluated. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity of the markers used in the study are listed in table 2. CD-68expressed strong positivity in all the five cases. Positivity was observed only in the granular cells. Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) expressed strong positivity in all the five cases by staining peripheral cells, stellate reticulum like cells and granular cells. Bcl2, P53, Vimentin and Desminexhibited negative staining in all the five cases. DISCUSSION: Granular cell ameloblastoma accounts to 3. 5% of all ameloblastomas [11]. The lesion presents with marked transformation of thecytoplasm of the stellate reticulum like cells, so that the cells take on a very coarse, granular, eosinophilic appearance. [5] GCA is known to be aggressive histologic variant among all the ameloblastoma . Granular cells have been described in other odontogenic tumor, the granular cell ameloblastic fibromaand oral lesions, such as congenital epulis and granular cell tumor [12] The nature of various oral granular cell lesions is unclear, and many theories have been proposed for the origin of granules, the principal ones are odontogenic, fibroblastic, histiocytic, myoblastic, and neurogenic. [13] Granular cells are also seen associated with the enamel organ of developing tooth. [14] The granular appearance has been ascribed to numerous lysosomes based on histochemical and electron microscopic findings. Ultrastructurally, the osmiophilic internal structure of the lysosomes varies considerably. [15] Many of these granules approach 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in size; giant granules of 30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼m in diameter are rarely seen. They present with features of finger-print-like membranous structures, myelin figures, small particles, granules, vesicles, lattice structures, and crystalloids. This diversity may represent different materials and stages of digestion of the lysosomal contents. The myelin figures suggest the presence of phospholipid in the granules. Therefore, it has been concluded by many authors that numerous lysosomes represent increased cellular actions of the tumour ameloblasts to digest unwanted components [14,16]. Considerable interest about the nature of granular cells in ameloblastoma ever since it was recognized has happened because of its reported aggressive behaviour however recent literature reports speculate that the granular cell transformation in granular cell ameloblastoma may be associated with the aging phenomenon. [17,18,19] The present study was carried out in five cases of granular cell ameloblastoma to ascertain the nature of the granules using a panel of markers CD68, Bcl2, S100, P53, Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3),vimentin and desmin. Strong positivity for cytokeratin and CD68was noted in all the cases. S100 was negative in three cases and mildly positive in two cases. P53,Bcl 2,Vimentin and desmin were negative in all the five cases. [Table 2] The nature of granules in granular cell ameloblastoma in the previous studies have reported epithelial origin due to consistent positivity with cytokeratin and negativity with other mesenchymal markers. [Figure 3] Presence of strong positivity with CD68 in granular cells indicates the presence of lysosomal aggregates. [Figure 4] Negative expression of antiapoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and p53 proteins in granular cells indicate that there is increased apoptosis in the granular cells. This finding was similar to the report by Kumomoto et al who reported apoptosis in the granular cells [20]. Contradictory to previous reports is the presence of mild positivity with S100 unlike other previously published reports. S100 is normally present in cells derived from the  neural crest ( Schwann cells, and  melanocytes),  chondrocytes,  adipocytes,  myoepithelialcells,  macrophages,  Langerhans cells,  dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Mild positivity of S100 could be suggestive of transdifferentiation of the cells. Such heterogenous presentation of granular ameloblastomas evokes more interest to further ratify its true nature. CONCLUSION: The current immunohistochemicalpanel could be evolved further for a better understanding of the nature of the granular cells in ameloblastomas. Further studies with more number of cases could help reason out the antigenic heterogeneity of granular cell ameloblastoma.